Please note that during a particular semester I might choose to approach a topic somewhat differently than in the past. Also, I might to choose to emphasize different aspects of a term or subject than I have in the past. Therefore, some of the possible answers given to students in the past might not work in your class at all.
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Multiple Choice Questions

The Sugar Act was…
a. one series of attempts to tax the colonies in order to gain revenue for the Crown. It taxed many goods that were exported from the colonies to non-British colonies including sugar, rum, molasses, etc. This, in turn, made American goods either more expensive or caused colonial manufacturers to lose profit margins.
b. the first attempt to tax the colonies. It taxed many goods that were imported to the colonies from non-British colonies including sugar, rum, molasses, etc. This, in turn, made American goods either more expensive or caused colonial manufacturers to lose profit margins
c. an attempt to bail out one of the royally-chartered trading companies by selling their goods (particularly sugar) directly to the colonies. While this saved the colonists money, they believed that it was an attempt to take away their choices since they were used to purchasing these goods from other nations for less.
d. one series of attempts to tax the colonies in order to gain revenue for the Crown. It taxed many goods that were imported to the colonies from non-British colonies including sugar, rum, molasses, etc. This, in turn, made American goods either more expensive or caused colonial manufacturers to lose profit margins.

John Smith…
a. Helped the Jamestown colony by realizing that survival was more important than immediate income. He helped reform the colony into an agricultural station and used a quasi-military government to help ensure that colonists would pull their weight.
b. A privateer, chartered the Jamestown colony as a base in which to raid Spanish ships. Although it was an interesting concept, the colony never does well and eventually has to switch to staple crops just to survive (at least until it discovered tobacco)
c. Did a great deal to establish trade and good relationships between the Powhatan Indians and the Jamestown colonists, allowing colonists to develop their farmland. Thanks to this, Jamestown grew tobacco and staved off Britain’s attempts to convert it to a crown colony.
d. Did a lot to save the fledgling Jamestown colony by making peace with the Powhatan Indians in order to survive, encouraging tobacco cultivation as an important cash crop, and establishing a permanent trade route between the Metropole and the colony.

Puritans…
a. Believed that every member of their group possessed an “inner light” of God. As such, no one person was necessarily better than another. Because of this, the Puritans separated church and state fairly early-on, which was a model used for the Constitution later.
b. Came over to the U.S. seeking freedom from British religious oppression. As such, they attempted to several most ties between Britain and New England. Indeed, Massachusetts never became a crown colony and the Puritans maintained leadership until it became a state.
c. Generally came over to North America in family groups since they colonized the New World in order to set a societal example for England. As such, Puritan colonies tended to be more stable and population-growth conducive than colonies like Jamestown. 
d. Unlike the Jamestown colonists, never really looked to return to England. As such, they usually came over in family groups and set up more stable townships based on small farming and light industry. Because of this, New England colonies were often very stable.

Slavery involving black Africans the colonies …
a. was essentially guaranteed from the beginning. Although the white colonists didn’t really have an immediate need for black slaves, thanks to white indentured servants, the use of whites in this manner was generally frowned upon and only took place because of severe overcrowding conditions in England.
b. wasn't necessarily guaranteed from the beginning since many of the colonists were from England, and they really didn’t have any experience with black slaves. Instead, over time, colonists slowly developed different codes that treated black indentured servants differently from whites..
c. was essentially guaranteed from the beginning. Blacks were already being used in the New World as slaves and the way they were treated and used was commonly understood in the colonies even before blacks appeared there. As such, blacks were never really treated as equals, even in the beginning.
d. wasn’t necessarily guaranteed from the beginning since many Crown laws were already in place to limit the use and harsh treatment of slaves. What we see, instead, is a type of “creeping normalcy” where colonists learned how to get around these Crown laws by making up their own.

The Constitution improved upon the Articles of Confederation because…
a. It set many policies, procedures, and actions for the national government that it never had before, including the ability to tax, raise a national military, regulate interstate trade, and establish and maintain a national post office.
b. The Articles demonstrated, via an internal rebellion, that it didn’t have the teeth necessary to protect the country from internal threats and insurrections. Bacon’s Rebellion was simply too difficult to put down without national military powers.
c. The it did a better job of balancing Republican ideals of anarchy vs. tyranny than the Articles did. The Articles, a reaction against Crown rule, favored anarchy at the federal level as it gave too much power to individual states.
d. The Articles weren’t strong enough to stop the Quazi-War thanks to the federal government’s inability to demonstrate a nation-wide united front against foreign aggressors who realized that the states were still acting like disassociated colonies.

The Whiskey Rebellion…
a. …generally demonstrated that the tariffs imposed against finished goods weren’t going to be popular to small and mid-sized farmers, particularly in New England. Although the tariffs were supposedly for their protection, the farmers believed that the government was simply becoming tyrannical.
b. …was important because it demonstrated that the national government didn’t have enough power under the Articles of Confederation. Instead of being able to simply remove the taxes imposed on farmers that caused the rebellion in the first place, the national government had to petition each state’s legislature..
c. …was problematic for the United States since the Articles of Confederation didn’t really provide for a national military. It took a long time to convince local militias to figure against their own countrymen—so long that the national government had to use mercenaries.. 
d. …was scary to whites because many of the rural and yeoman farmers armed their indentured servants, including blacks. It’s one thing to have white killing whites, but blacks killing whites is a different matter. After its suppression, it led to strict laws outlawing the arming of blacks..

The Whiskey Rebellion…
a. …generally demonstrated that the tariffs imposed against finished goods weren’t going to be popular to small and mid-sized farmers, particularly in New England. Although the tariffs were supposedly for their protection, the farmers believed that the government was simply becoming tyrannical.
b. …was scary to whites because many of the rural and yeoman farmers armed their indentured servants, including blacks. It’s one thing to have white killing whites, but blacks killing whites is a different matter. After its suppression, it led to strict laws outlawing the arming of blacks.
c. …was important because it demonstrated that the national government didn’t have enough power under the Articles of Confederation. Instead of being able to simply remove the taxes imposed on farmers that caused the rebellion in the first place, the national government had to petition each state’s legislature.
d. …was problematic for the United States since the Articles of Confederation didn’t really provide for a national military. It took a long time to convince local militias to figure against their own countrymen—so long that the national government had to use mercenaries.

Bacon’s Rebellion was…
a. a series of uprisings in New England (particularly Massachusetts) in which groups of farmers, many of whom were Revolutionary War Veterans, protested new taxes, inflation, and crop devaluations.
b. a series of uprisings in the Southern colonies in which groups of both white and black indentured servants took up arms against plantation owners who often found frivolous reasons to extend servitude contracts.
c. an uprising around Jamestown, Virginia in which a group of Yeoman farmers wanted to protest the lack of protection against Native American attacks and proposed taxes. 
d. an uprising that took place in Virginia in which several black slaves rebelled against their masters, demanding at least some basic rights, including the right to marry, have children, and to purchase their own freedom.

The Royal Proclamation of 1763…
a. was an attempt by the Crown to save money after the French and Indian War. Essentially, they drew a boundary down the west side of the Allegheny Mountains in order to limit colonial expansion so that they wouldn’t have to build forts, add infrastructure, add troops, etc. The colonists weren’t happy about this since they just got done fighting a war over this exact same territory.
b. was actually a series of taxes levied against the colonies in order to help pay for the French and Indian War. Of of the things that was mentioned in the Proclamation were the stamp act, which charged a tax on all paper goods including newspapers and legal documents. The colonists weren’t happy about this since they, too, paid from their own pockets to help fight the war.
c. was an attempt by the crown to encourage the colonies to comply with the ideals of mercantilism by encouraging them to purchase raw materials and goods that came from other British colonies, sell their own colonially-made products to England for fair prices, and to cut out other nations by disengaging in trade smuggling.
d. was a response to the colonists’ outrage over the Stamp Act. Colonists had done things such as burn down stamp-tax collectors’ homes and tarred and feathered the collectors, themselves. Also, it was a response to the Stamp Act Congress’ petitions to Parliament, informing them that the Act was a type of taxation without representation.

Slavery involving black Africans in the colonies…
a. was essentially guaranteed from the beginning. Blacks were already being used in the New World as slaves and the way they were treated and used was commonly understood in the colonies even before blacks appeared there. As such, blacks were never really treated as equals, even in the beginning
b. wasn’t necessarily guaranteed from the beginning since many Crown laws were already in place to limit the use and harsh treatment of slaves. What we see, instead, is a type of “creeping normalcy” where colonists learned how to get around these Crown laws by making up their own.
c. wasn't necessarily guaranteed from the beginning since many of the colonists were from England, and they really didn’t have any experience with black slaves. Instead, over time, colonists slowly developed different codes that treated black indentured servants differently from whites.
d. was essentially guaranteed from the beginning. Although the white colonists didn’t really have an immediate need for black slaves, thanks to white indentured servants, the use of whites in this manner was generally frowned upon and only took place because of severe overcrowding conditions in England.

The First Continental Congress…
a. asked Parliament in a strongly-worked letter to rescind the Coercive/Intolerable acts, decided to increase a colony-wide boycott on British-made goods, and then decided to meet once again if conditions warranted.
b. was a group of men who met in Philadelphia to draft what eventually became the Declaration of Independence, to take control of the local militia units, and to prepare to split from the colonial structure of Great Britain.
c. met determine how the colonies should react to the Sugar and Stamp acts. Although the colonies had undergone taxation before, the Crown failed to enforce these taxes. With the Sugar and Stamp acts, they were enforced, which was very un-British as British subjects should have representation when taxed. 
d. nicely petitioned King George III the rescind the Coercive/Intolerable acts, decided to increase a colony-wide boycott on British-made goods, and then decided to meet once again if conditions warranted.

The Missouri Compromise…
a. …wasn’t perfect, but it allowed Missouri to have slavery since Maine was admitted as a free state. Problematically, it disallowed slavery in the future in any state to the north of the southern border of Missouri, which meant that there was far greater future potential  for “free” land than “slave” land.
b. …wasn’t perfect, but it allowed Missouri to have slavery since Maine was admitted as a free state. Problematically, it disallowed slavery in the future in any state to the north of the northern border of Missouri, which meant that there was far greater future potential  for “free” land than “slave” land.
c. …wasn’t perfect, but it allowed Missouri to have slavery since Maine was admitted as a free state. Problematically, it disallowed slavery in the future in any state to the west of the western border of Missouri, which meant that there was far greater future potential  for “free” land than “slave” land.
d. …wasn’t perfect, but it allowed Missouri to have slavery since Vermont was admitted as a free state. Problematically, it disallowed slavery in the future in any state to the north of the southern border of Missouri, which meant that there was far greater future potential  for “free” land than “slave” land.

Amongst the many things that happened in the election of 1840…
a. …William Henry Harrison was elected because he appealed to swing voters. Harrison was Jackson-like and appealed to voters because he fought against Native Americans in the Indian Wars and the British in the War of 1812. Also, like Jackson, he was born in the American South on a plantation. 
b. …the Whigs realized that slaveholding was very important to attract Southern voters. Although Martin Van Buren was a Democrat-Republican, he didn’t really care for slavery. William Henry Harrison, born on a plantation in supported slavery as a territorial governor in a slave-holding region of the United States.
c. …was the establishment that the Vice President will take over the Presidency in the case of the death of the President. Although the Constitution is somewhat vague in this regard, Harrison’s death before his inauguration forced the issue into the forefront.
d. …the Whigs realized that the concept of manhood was very important to voters since Jackson’s successor, Martin Van Buren, was nothing like Jackson and preferred tailored clothes and warm baths. William Henry Harrison attempted to appear as Jackson-esque as possible—a war hero and hard drinker.

The “corrupt bargain” after the election of 1824…
a. …ensured that Jackson would win the election of 1828 since it proved that the northern Democrat-Republicans unfairly denied Jackson the Presidency even though he had won the popular vote. Adams and Clay lost so much support that they had to form their own party, the National Republican Party, in order to even run in 1828.
b. …ensured that Adams would be the President, but fractured the Democrat-Republican Party since Jackson and his followers believed that Henry Clay gave his electoral votes to Adams in exchange for the office of Secretary of State. It’s probable that Adams chose Clay because of their political similarities rather than any “corruption” as claimed by Jacksonians.
c. …ensured that Adams would be President, but fractured the Democrat-Republican Party since Adams believed that Jackson attempted to capture the White House by electoral manipulation. Most Democrat-Republicans believed Jackson, however, which forced Adams to form his own part, the National Republican Party.
d. …ensured that Clay would be the President, but fractured the Democrat-Republican Party since Jackson and his followers believed that John Quincy Adams gave his electoral votes to Henry Clay in exchange for the office of Secretary of State. It’s probable that Clay chose Adams because of their political similarities rather than any “corruption” as claimed by Jacksonians.

The Missouri Compromise…
a. …wasn’t perfect, but it allowed Missouri to have slavery since Maine was admitted as a free state. Problematically, it disallowed slavery in the future in any state to the north of the southern border of Missouri, which meant that there was far greater future potential  for “free” land than “slave” land.
b. …wasn’t perfect, but it allowed Missouri to have slavery since Maine was admitted as a free state. Problematically, it disallowed slavery in the future in any state to the north of the northern border of Missouri, which meant that there was far greater future potential  for “free” land than “slave” land.
c. …wasn’t perfect, but it allowed Missouri to have slavery since Maine was admitted as a free state. Problematically, it disallowed slavery in the future in any state to the west of the western border of Missouri, which meant that there was far greater future potential  for “free” land than “slave” land.
d. …wasn’t perfect, but it allowed Missouri to have slavery since Vermont was admitted as a free state. Problematically, it disallowed slavery in the future in any state to the north of the southern border of Missouri, which meant that there was far greater future potential  for “free” land than “slave” land.

Amongst the many things that happened during the election of 1840…
a. …William Henry Harrison was elected because he appealed to the “common man” (middle/swing voters) as Jackson one had done, himself. William Henry Harrison attempted to appear as Jackson-esque as possible—a war hero and hard drinker who fought the British in the War of 1812 and Indians afterwards. 
b. …the Whigs realized that slaveholding was very important to attract Southern voters. Although Martin Van Buren was a Democrat-Republican, he didn’t really care for slavery. William Henry Harrison, born on a plantation in supported slavery as a territorial governor in a slave-holding region of the United States.
c. …was the establishment that the Vice President will take over the Presidency in the case of the death of the President. Although the Constitution is somewhat vague in this regard, Harrison’s death before his inauguration forced the issue into the forefront.
d. …the Whigs realized that the concept of federalism would be a very important aspect of elections from that point forward. Whigs promoted Harrison, an ethical voter over Van Buren, who often voted along the lines of special interest groups such as the Federation League and White Caps.

The “corrupt bargain” after the election of 1824…
a. …ensured that Jackson would win the election of 1828 since it proved that the northern Democrat-Republicans unfairly denied Jackson the Presidency even though he had won the popular vote. Adams and Clay lost so much support that they had to form their own party, the National Republican Party, in order to even run in 1828.
b. …ensured that Adams would be the President, but fractured the Democrat-Republican Party since Jackson and his followers believed that Henry Clay gave his electoral votes to Adams in exchange for the office of Secretary of State. It’s probable that Adams chose Clay because of their political similarities rather than any “corruption” as claimed by Jacksonians.
c. …ensured that Adams would be President, but fractured the Democrat-Republican Party since Adams believed that Jackson attempted to capture the White House by electoral manipulation. Most Democrat-Republicans believed Jackson, however, which forced Adams to form his own party, the National Republican Party.
d. …ensured that Clay would be the President, but fractured the Democrat-Republican Party since Jackson and his followers believed that John Quincy Adams gave his electoral votes to Henry Clay in exchange for the office of Secretary of State. It’s probable that Clay chose Adams because of their political similarities rather than any “corruption” as claimed by Jacksonians.

The Compromise of 1877
a. …promised to give 20 disputed Southern electoral votes to Rutherford Hayes. In exchange, the North had to withdraw troops from the states it still occupied: Louisiana, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Florida. The North also had to promise that a Southern Democrat would be in Hayes’ cabinet.
b. …assured Democrats that Southerners would respect the rights of blacks in the South and that they wouldn’t be subjected to Black Codes and Jim Crow Laws. If this were done, Tilden would receive the 20 electoral votes that were in dispute during the election of 1860. 
c. …ensured that a transcontinental railroad would be built to the South since the South bargained their disputed electoral votes away to ensure its construction. Also, the North had to promise to help industrialize the south. While the railroad came to fruition, the industrialization generally did not. 
d. …assured the North that the South would not try to compete industrially with the North if the North guaranteed that a transcontinental railroad would be built through the Southern U.S. Also, the South guaranteed that it wouldn’t hold Northern businesses accountable for the debts Southern industry was owed from before the start of the Civil War.

The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854
a. …ensured that slavery could exist to the north of the southern border of Missouri in the Unorganized Territories so as long as the people who settled it voted on it when they became a state. This was done so that the transcontinental railroad would go through the North, not the south. 
b. ……ensured that slavery could exist to the north of the northern border of Missouri in the Unorganized Territories so as long as the people who settled it voted on it when they became a state. This was done so that the transcontinental railroad would go through the North, not the south.
c. ……ensured that slavery could exist to the north of the southern border of Missouri in the Unorganized Territories so as long as the people who settled it voted on it when they became a state. This was done as part of the compromise of 1850.
d. ….…ensured that slavery could exist to the north of the northern border of Missouri in the Unorganized Territories so as long as the people who settled it voted on it when they became a state. This was done as part of the compromise of 1850.

The Treaty of 1818…
a. …resolved most boundary disputes between Britain and the U.S. along the Canadian border except for the Oregon Territory, which both nations agreed to share jointly. Britain also ensured fishing rights to U.S. fishermen off of Newfoundland and Labrador. 
b. …signed between Canada and the United States ensured that neither side would have a tactical naval advantage on the Great Lakes. The two nations agreed to one vessel each in two of the lakes and agreed to equal each other in size and capabilities of military vessels in all the other Great Lakes.
c. …signed between Britain and the U.S. that compensated U.S. merchants for the loss of their vessels during the War of 1812. It also allowed a neutral country to arbitrate between the U.S. and Britain for the former’s losses during the war, particularly slaves captured on American vessels.
d. …signed between the U.S. and Canada agreed to set most of the the western boundaries between the two countries as the 49th parallel. Both nations disagreed on the boundaries of the states that are now Oregon and Washington but agreed that the populations of the territories could choose their affiliation.

The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854
a. …ensured that slavery could exist to the north of the southern border of Missouri in the Unorganized Territories so as long as the people who settled it voted on it when they became a state. This was done so that the transcontinental railroad would go through the North, not the south. 
b. ……ensured that slavery could exist to the north of the northern border of Missouri in the Unorganized Territories so as long as the people who settled it voted on it when they became a state. This was done so that the transcontinental railroad would go through the North, not the south.
c. ……ensured that slavery could exist to the north of the southern border of Missouri in the Unorganized Territories so as long as the people who settled it voted on it when they became a state. This was done as part of the compromise of 1850.
d. ….…ensured that slavery could exist to the north of the northern border of Missouri in the Unorganized Territories so as long as the people who settled it voted on it when they became a state. This was done as part of the compromise of 1850.

Right before the Declaration of Independence…
a. A large number of American Colonialists were swayed by Thomas Paine’s Common Sense since it outlined, in plain language, why Republicanism was a good idea and why the Crown wasn’t abiding by it. In fact, it was probably the first time colonists from different colonies saw each other as type of “unified” people so many felt they weren’t being treated as “British.” 
b. George Washington was able to secure the support of the French if a military action were to take place. From that point forward, the French were instrumentally helpful in helping the Colonists win the Revolutionary War. Because of maneuvers like this, George Washington (and the French) were instrumental in the Colonies’ victory.
c. A large number of American Colonialists were swayed by Thomas Paine’s Common Sense since it outlined, in plain language, why Republicanism was a good idea and why the Crown wasn’t abiding by it. While important, it was probably still not the first time colonists from different colonies saw each other as type of “unified” people in any
d. Members of the colonial elite met during the First Continental Congress to agree on the eventual wording of the Declaration of Independence. Many weren’t even sure if leaving the Crown (or at least threatening it) was a good idea. Eventually, Thomas Jefferson penned the majority of the Declaration, which was an eloquent argument for the Colonies’ defection.

Slavery involving black Africans the colonies … 
a. was essentially guaranteed from the beginning. Blacks were already being used in the New World as slaves and the way they were treated and used was commonly understood in the colonies even before blacks appeared there. As such, blacks were never really treated as equals, even in the beginning.
b. wasn’t necessarily guaranteed from the beginning since many Crown laws were already in place to limit the use and harsh treatment of slaves. What we see, instead, is a type of incremental or slow development where colonists learned how to get around these Crown laws by making up their own.
c. was essentially guaranteed from the beginning. Although the white colonists didn’t really have an immediate need for black slaves, thanks to white indentured servants, the use of whites in this manner was generally frowned upon and only took place because of severe overcrowding conditions in England..
d. wasn't necessarily guaranteed from the beginning since many of the colonists were from England, and they really didn’t have any experience with black slaves. Instead, over time, colonists slowly developed different codes that treated black indentured servants differently from whites.

The concept of mercantilism was important to the development of the colonies’ because…
a. it ensured that slavery would be an essential makeup of the labor force that allowed the colonies to grow cash crops such as tobacco and rice. Without mercantilism, and its emphasis on using resources from colonies (i.e. Africa, etc.), the concept of slavery would have probably never expanded.
b. It gave seafaring nations like Britain a good model to use for expansionism because it allowed them to trade freely with other nations so as long as they didn’t use hard currencies. Because of this, the British could rely on countries like Holland for their slaves (indeed, they never traded many themselves) since they traded finished good for them and not hard currencies.
c. it was one of the first forms of capitalism that nations easily could participate in on a worldwide basis. Indeed, without mercantilism, any capitalistic enterprise that relied on trading with other nations was bound to remain local and isolated, just as it did during the Medieval Period (Dark Ages).
d. it gave seafaring countries like Britain a good model to use for expansionism because, among other things, it called for the gathering of natural resources outside of the main nation. This allowed for mercantilist nations to utilize the natural resource of other locales rather than exhaust their own.

The Cohesive Acts were problematic for the colonies because…
a. they generally demonstrated to the colonists that no matter what kind of arguments they used to assert their British-ness, nothing would stop the Crown from attempting to impose its will. In fact, it seemed as if the more the colonies protested, the more tightly the Crown wanted to retain control.
b. the blockading of so many ports meant that the colonies weren’t able to send or receive goods, which, of course, cost colonists revenue. Also, Crown control of the colonies made it difficult for the colonists to coordinate their militias in case they wanted to fight the British in a unified manner.
c. they generally demonstrated to the colonists that no matter what, the colonists’ inclination to consider themselves “American” more than “British” caused the Crown to resort to desperation. The Intolerable Acts were probably what made colonists think of themselves as “American” and not “British.”
d. the implementation of such a harsh tax and the enforcement of previous taxes made purchasing smuggled and black market goods very difficult. This, of course, was unacceptable to the colonists since they felt that their ability to purchase smuggled and black market goods part of their cultural character.

The Mid-Atlantic (or Middle, Middle Atlantic) Colonies became the prototype for the culture of the United States because the original colonists generally formed along very diverse racial, ethnographic, and religious lines.
a. This was particularly easy since New York and Pennsylvania were initially set up with very little religious ideology at all. As such, they were allowed to construct societies that were very inclusive from the very beginning.
b. Indeed, the colonists in New York and Pennsylvania ensured that religion was not a real factor in their governance of the colonies (even though one had been set up by the Dutch as a haven for those who didn’t agree with the Dutch national church) As such, this allowed a diverse group of people to settle in those regions.
c. This was somewhat difficult because religion defined at least one of the colonies from the start. Although that religion attempted, at least in some ways, to monopolize governmental power, their tolerance for others led to their eventual downfall.
d. Indeed, the colonists in New York and Pennsylvania ensured that religion was not a real factor in their governance of the colonies (even though at least one of them was founded for religious reasons) As such, this allowed a diverse group of people to settle in those regions.

Right before the Declaration of Independence…
a. A large number of American Colonialists were swayed by Thomas Paine’s Common Sense since it outlined, in plain language, why Republicanism was a good idea and why the Crown wasn’t abiding by it. In fact, it was probably the first time colonists from different colonies saw each other as type of “unified” people so many felt they weren’t being treated as “British.” 
b. George Washington was able to secure the support of the French if a military action were to take place. From that point forward, the French were instrumentally helpful in helping the Colonists win the Revolutionary War. Because of maneuvers like this, George Washington (and the French) were instrumental in the Colonies’ victory.
c. A large number of American Colonialists were swayed by Thomas Paine’s Common Sense since it outlined, in plain language, why Republicanism was a good idea and why the Crown wasn’t abiding by it. While important, it was probably still not the first time colonists from different colonies saw each other as type of “unified” people in any
d. Members of the colonial elite met during the First Continental Congress to agree on the eventual wording of the Declaration of Independence. Many weren’t even sure if leaving the Crown (or at least threatening it) was a good idea. Eventually, Thomas Jefferson penned the majority of the Declaration, which was an eloquent argument for the Colonies’ defection.

Slavery involving black Africans the colonies … 
a. was essentially guaranteed from the beginning. Blacks were already being used in the New World as slaves and the way they were treated and used was commonly understood in the colonies even before blacks appeared there. As such, blacks were never really treated as equals, even in the beginning.
b. wasn’t necessarily guaranteed from the beginning since many Crown laws were already in place to limit the use and harsh treatment of slaves. What we see, instead, is a type of incremental or slow development where colonists learned how to get around these Crown laws by making up their own.
c. was essentially guaranteed from the beginning. Although the white colonists didn’t really have an immediate need for black slaves, thanks to white indentured servants, the use of whites in this manner was generally frowned upon and only took place because of severe overcrowding conditions in England..
d. wasn't necessarily guaranteed from the beginning since many of the colonists were from England, and they really didn’t have any experience with black slaves. Instead, over time, colonists slowly developed different codes that treated black indentured servants differently from whites.

The concept of mercantilism was important to the development of the colonies’ because…
a. it ensured that slavery would be an essential makeup of the labor force that allowed the colonies to grow cash crops such as tobacco and rice. Without mercantilism, and its emphasis on using resources from colonies (i.e. Africa, etc.), the concept of slavery would have probably never expanded.
b. It gave seafaring nations like Britain a good model to use for expansionism because it allowed them to trade freely with other nations so as long as they didn’t use hard currencies. Because of this, the British could rely on countries like Holland for their slaves (indeed, they never traded many themselves) since they traded finished good for them and not hard currencies.
c. it was one of the first forms of capitalism that nations easily could participate in on a worldwide basis. Indeed, without mercantilism, any capitalistic enterprise that relied on trading with other nations was bound to remain local and isolated, just as it did during the Medieval Period (Dark Ages).
d. it gave seafaring countries like Britain a good model to use for expansionism because, among other things, it called for the gathering of natural resources outside of the main nation. This allowed for mercantilist nations to utilize the natural resource of other locales rather than exhaust their own.

The Whiskey Rebellion…
a. …was important because it demonstrated that the national government didn’t have enough power under the Articles of Confederation. Instead of being able to simply remove the taxes imposed on farmers that caused the rebellion in the first place, the national government had to petition each state’s legislature..
b. …generally demonstrated that the tariffs imposed against finished goods weren’t going to be popular to small and mid-sized farmers, particularly in New England. Although the tariffs were supposedly for their protection, the farmers believed that the government was simply becoming tyrannical.
c. …was scary to whites because many of the rural and yeoman farmers armed their indentured servants, including blacks. It’s one thing to have white killing whites, but blacks killing whites is a different matter. After its suppression, it led to strict laws outlawing the arming of blacks.
d. …was problematic for the United States since the Articles of Confederation didn’t really provide for a national military. It took a long time to convince local militias to figure against their own countrymen—so long that the national government had to use mercenaries..

The Mid-Atlantic (or Middle, Middle Atlantic) Colonies became the prototype for the culture of the United States because the original colonists generally formed along very diverse racial, ethnographic, and religious lines.
a. This was particularly easy since New York and Pennsylvania were initially set up with very little religious ideology at all. As such, they were allowed to construct societies that were very inclusive from the very beginning.
b. Indeed, the colonists in New York and Pennsylvania ensured that religion was not a real factor in their governance of the colonies (even though one had been set up by the Dutch as a haven for those who didn’t agree with the Dutch national church) As such, this allowed a diverse group of people to settle in those regions.
c. This was somewhat difficult because religion defined at least one of the colonies from the start. Although that religion attempted, at least in some ways, to monopolize governmental power, their tolerance for others led to their eventual downfall.
d. Indeed, the colonists in New York and Pennsylvania ensured that religion was not a real factor in their governance of the colonies (even though at least one of them was founded for religious reasons) As such, this allowed a diverse group of people to settle in those regions.

The Compromise of 1877
a. …promised to give 20 disputed Southern electoral votes to Rutherford Hayes. In exchange, the North had to withdraw troops from the states it still occupied: Louisiana, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Florida. The North also had to promise that a Southern Democrat would be in Hayes’ cabinet.
b. …assured Democrats that Southerners would respect the rights of blacks in the South and that they wouldn’t be subjected to Black Codes and Jim Crow Laws. If this were done, Tilden would receive the 20 electoral votes that were in dispute during the election of 1860. 
c. …ensured that a transcontinental railroad would be built to the South since the South bargained their disputed electoral votes away to ensure its construction. Also, the North had to promise to help industrialize the south. While the railroad came to fruition, the industrialization generally did not. 
d. …assured the North that the South would not try to compete industrially with the North if the North guaranteed that a transcontinental railroad would be built through the Southern U.S. Also, the South guaranteed that it wouldn’t hold Northern businesses accountable for the debts Southern industry was owed from before the start of the Civil War.

The Presidential election of 1824…
a. Gave the Democrat-Republicans their last presidential candidate the oval office thanks to the “corrupt bargain” between Henry Clay and John Quincy Adams. This was necessary since no one in the election gained a plurality of electoral college votes during the election.
b. Gave the “People’s President” (Jackson) the oval office after four long years of bitter campaigning that fractured the Democrat-Republican party. Indeed, John Quincy Adams had to form a new party, the New Republican Party, since most of his support eroded after making the “corrupt bargain” with Henry Clay.
c. Saw Henry Clay installed as the Secretary of State thanks to the “corrupt bargain” made with John Quincy Adams and the House of Representatives, which had to give their votes to Adams since no one gained a majority of the electoral college votes in the actual election.
d. Gave the Democrat-Republicans their last presidential candidate the oval office thanks to the “corrupt bargain” between Henry Clay and John Quincy Adams. This was necessary since no one in the election gained a majority of electoral college votes during the election.

The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions…
a. …written by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, respectively, as a form of protest against the Alien and Sedition Acts. While the Kentucky Resolution eventually argued that the Acts weren’t enforceable within the state, the Virginia Resolution argued that a state could nullify an unconstitutional federal law within its boundaries.
b. …written by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, respectively, as a form of protest against the Alien and Sedition Acts. While the Virginia Resolution eventually argued that the Acts weren’t enforceable within the state, the Kentucky Resolution argued that a state could nullify an unconstitutional federal law within its boundaries.
c. …written by James Madison and Thomas Jefferson, respectively, as a form of protest against the Alien and Sedition Acts. While the Virginia Resolution eventually argued that the Acts weren’t enforceable within the state, the Kentucky Resolution argued that a state could nullify an unconstitutional federal law within its boundaries.
d. …written by James Madison and Thomas Jefferson, respectively, as a form of protest against the Alien and Sedition Acts. While the Kentucky Resolution eventually argued that the Acts weren’t enforceable within the state, the Virginia Resolution argued that a state could nullify an unconstitutional federal law within its boundaries.
 
The “corrupt bargain” after the election of 1824…
a. …ensured that Jackson would win the election of 1828 since it proved that the northern Democrat-Republicans unfairly denied Jackson the Presidency even though he had won the popular vote. Adams and Clay lost so much support that they had to form their own party, the National Republican Party, in order to even run in 1828.
b. …ensured that Adams would be the President, but fractured the Democrat-Republican Party since Jackson and his followers believed that Henry Clay gave his electoral votes to Adams in exchange for the office of Secretary of State. It’s probable that Adams chose Clay because of their political similarities rather than any “corruption” as claimed by Jacksonians.
c. …ensured that Adams would be President, but fractured the Democrat-Republican Party since Adams believed that Jackson attempted to capture the White House by electoral manipulation. Most Democrat-Republicans believed Jackson, however, which forced Adams to form his own part, the National Republican Party.
d. …ensured that Clay would be the President, but fractured the Democrat-Republican Party since Jackson and his followers believed that John Quincy Adams gave his electoral votes to Henry Clay in exchange for the office of Secretary of State. It’s probable that Clay chose Adams because of their political similarities rather than any “corruption” as claimed by Jacksonians.

The Whiskey Rebellion…
a. …generally demonstrated that the tariffs imposed against finished goods weren’t going to be popular to small and mid-sized farmers, particularly in New England. Although the tariffs were supposedly for their protection, the farmers believed that the government was simply becoming tyrannical.
b. …was scary to whites because many of the rural and yeoman farmers armed their indentured servants, including blacks. It’s one thing to have white killing whites, but blacks killing whites is a different matter. After its suppression, it led to strict laws outlawing the arming of blacks.
c. …was important because it demonstrated that the national government didn’t have enough power under the Articles of Confederation. Instead of being able to simply remove the taxes imposed on farmers that caused the rebellion in the first place, the national government had to petition each state’s legislature.
d. …was problematic for the United States since the Articles of Confederation didn’t really provide for a national military. It took a long time to convince local militias to figure against their own countrymen—so long that the national government had to use mercenaries.

The Missouri Compromise…
a. …wasn’t perfect, but it allowed Missouri to have slavery since Maine was admitted as a free state. Problematically, it disallowed slavery in the future in any state to the north of the southern border of Missouri, which meant that there was far greater future potential  for “free” land than “slave” land.
b. …wasn’t perfect, but it allowed Missouri to have slavery since Maine was admitted as a free state. Problematically, it disallowed slavery in the future in any state to the north of the northern border of Missouri, which meant that there was far greater future potential  for “free” land than “slave” land.
c. …wasn’t perfect, but it allowed Missouri to have slavery since Maine was admitted as a free state. Problematically, it disallowed slavery in the future in any state to the west of the western border of Missouri, which meant that there was far greater future potential  for “free” land than “slave” land.
d. …wasn’t perfect, but it allowed Missouri to have slavery since Vermont was admitted as a free state. Problematically, it disallowed slavery in the future in any state to the north of the southern border of Missouri, which meant that there was far greater future potential  for “free” land than “slave” land.

Before Lincoln even took office…
a. …over half of the Southern states had already left the Union. Lincoln, in an effort to get them back even offered to sponsor a Constitutional amendment in order to ensure the legality of slavery. Unfortunately, slavery needed to grow otherwise it was sure to die in the South, one way or another. 
b. …the South had already called for a regular army of 100,000 men. Even though Lincoln was, at best, an inequality abolitionist, the Republican Party as a whole was a party whose stated goal was to end slavery. The war probably would have started sooner except Lincoln decided to wait to call up troops.
c. …he was worried most about the Union and ensuring that European countries would abide by the Monroe Doctrine. His fears were even proven correct when France attacked and took over Mexico after fighting began. Slavery only became an issue in the war when it became politically expedient.
d. …James Buchanan, the outgoing President, advised him on several compromised that he hoped would stop the war from ever happening. Although Lincoln considered several of Buchanan’s ideas, in the end, he believed that simple patience and a meeting of the minds would serve the Union the best.

The Compromise of 1850 included the Fugitive Slave Act…
a. …which many Northerners couldn’t stand, especially because it disallowed blacks accused of being runaway slaves the right to testify on their own behalf. Eventually, the Supreme Court upheld the act as being Constitutionally legal, but, by that point, few people cared anymore.
b. …that made all Federal officers responsible for arresting escaped slaves. In fact, any black person could be accused of being a slave and had to be arrested by a law enforcement official. The intolerable nature of the Act is what eventually led John Brown to think direct action was the only way to end slavery.
c. …was the primary thing that led to the formation of the Republican Party. The Act generally proved to Republicans that a Constitutional amendment was the only way to end the deadlock between the North and the South that had come from too many compromises that simply didn’t work.
d. …which many Northerners found intolerable. Especially irritating were the provisions that that federal officers had to help arrest slaves, even if that wasn’t their job. Several states, including Connecticut and Michigan nullified this part of the compromise.

Charles Sumner…
a. …severely beat Preston Brooks with a cane for directly insulting slaveholding Southerners by alluding to them as “knights” who “embraced” ugly “prostitutes” (slavery). Brooks’ Speech was in response to Bleeding Kansas.
b. …was severely beaten by Preston Brooks with a cane for directly insulting slaveholding Southerners by alluding to them as “knights” who “embraced” ugly “prostitutes” (slavery). Sumner’s Speech was in response to the Fugitive Slave Act.
c. …was severely beaten by Preston Brooks with a cane for directly insulting slaveholding Southerners by alluding to them as “knights” who “embraced” ugly “prostitutes” (slavery). Sumner’s Speech was in response to Bleeding Kansas.
d. …severely beat Preston Brooks with a cane for directly insulting slaveholding Southerners by alluding to them as “knights” who “embraced” ugly “prostitutes” (slavery). Brooks’ Speech was in response to the Fugitive Slave Act.

Probably the biggest failure of Reconstruction as it concerns blacks was:
a. That the South failed to industrialize since it realized that doing so would mean that blacks would join the working class if they did so. Doing this would mean that blacks had access to eventually join the middle class and begin to integrate themselves into politics and larger business transactions.
b. The inability (and perhaps unwillingness) of the Federal government to ensure that African Americans had any types of programs (e.g. loans, right-to-work programs) and laws that could help them become anything but sharecroppers and tenant farmers.
c. That they were left without any real protections from hate groups such as the Ku Klux Klan. The Klan used intimidation and terror to ensure that African Americans couldn’t assert their right to vote, etc., and continued to do so even with Federal troops trying to maintain order.
d. That African Americans didn’t have any real protections for equal rights even though they theoretically had the Fourteenth Amendment to ensure that they did. Black Codes and Jim Crow laws slowly eroded their political power, which, in turn, eroded their social and economic power.

The New South Creed…
a. …was a general statement of philosophy by Southern business and political leaders that hoped the South would become more like the North in that it should become less dependent on agriculture, but that it should, in general terms, attempt to keep racial discrimination in place as a matter of tradition. 
b. …was a binding resolution made by several Southern political leaders that was hoped would alter the South so that it could compete with the industrial economy of the North. Although not specifically stated, there was a “gentlemen’s agreement” that race relationships should be smoothed.
c. …was a statement of ideology by Southern leaders that hoped to mend racial relationships and make other improvements to the South so that it could become more economically diversified and less dependent on cotton. Eventually, the Creed wasn’t binding and didn’t work out like all was hoped.
d. …was a semi-binding resolution made by several Southern governors as a way to continue the “war” (in a way) through non-violent means. The Creed pointed out the necessity of cultural heritage and stressed Southern tradition as a necessary component of the future of the South. 

Probably the biggest failure of Reconstruction as it concerns blacks was:
a. That they were left without any real protections from hate groups such as the Ku Klux Klan. The Klan used intimidation and terror to ensure that African Americans couldn’t assert their right to vote, etc., and continued to do so even with Federal troops trying to maintain order.
b. That African Americans didn’t have any real protections for equal rights even though they theoretically had the Fourteenth Amendment to ensure that they did. Black Codes and Jim Crow laws slowly eroded their political power, which, in turn, eroded their social and economic power.
c. That the South failed to industrialize since it realized that doing so would mean that blacks would join the working class if they did so. Doing this would mean that blacks had access to eventually join the middle class and begin to integrate themselves into politics and larger business transactions.
d. The inability (and perhaps unwillingness) of the Federal government to ensure that African Americans had any types of programs (e.g. loans, right-to-work programs) and laws that could help them become anything but sharecroppers and tenant farmers. 

The Texas Revolution (Texians=Texans. Different word, same meaning)
a. …was really about the Texians wanting to break away from Mexico in order to be part of the United States. Most Texans were Americans, anyhow, but they knew that Mexico wouldn’t let the territory go without a fight. 
b. …was mainly about slavery since the Texans wanted to import slaves but the Mexican government was staunchly against it. Indeed, the Texians viewed the Mexican government’s anti-slavery stance as tyrannical, thus viewing themselves similarly to American colonists in the 1770s.
c. …was primarily about Texians wanting to form their own country. Mexico, however, certainly didn’t want to let the region go. Joining the U.S. would be problematic since most Texians owned slaves and didn’t want to get caught up in the politics of North vs. South, slave vs. free.
d. …generally started because Santa Anna began to act tyrannical towards Texians. He jailed Stephen Austin when he went to petition the Mexican government for statehood, rescinded the Mexican constitution, and wanted to take guns away the Texan’s guns so they couldn’t revolt.

First Bull Run was a Confederate victory mainly because…
a. …although they were fairly evenly prepared, the Union, who was the attacker, didn’t have a decisively larger force than the Confederate troops, the defenders. Usually, an attacking force needs to have at least a 2-to-1 or 3-to-1 advantage when attacking a dug-in defender.
b. …Union troops were decidedly poorly trained in comparison to their Confederate counterparts who drilled all the time just in case there was a slave uprising. Even though there were notably fewer Confederates, their better training allowed them to take the field and claim victory.
c. …Confederate generals, such as Robert Lee and Stonewall Jackson were decidedly superior to Union generals. In fact, Lee was asked to lead the Union army into battle but declined because he was a Virginian and couldn’t take up arms against the place he considered “home.”
d. …the Union was unprepared to fight a drawn-out war. As such, they fielded mostly volunteer troops with very limited supplies and provisions, all of which began to run out during their march on Confederate positions. Union troops quickly ran out of ammunition, broke, and ran.

AThe Adams-Onis Treaty…
a. …created the Oregon Territory’s “step boundary” between the United States and Britain in the Northwest Territory. This treaty also gave the U.S. and Britain free access to the Oregon Territory’s land and waterways. In the end, the people in the territory would decide which country they wanted to join.
b. …created the “step boundary” between the United States and Spanish territory in the American west. In return, the U.S. took Spanish territory in what is now Florida and lower parts of a few other states. This allowed the U.S. to expand slavery and cotton production.
c. …created the boundary between the U.S. and Canadian territories at the 49th parallel, except for the “step boundary” between the Oregon Territory and both nations. The treaty also stipulated that boundary forts on each side of the 49th parallel would be abandoned, thus creating an un-guarded border.
d. …created the 36’-30” boundary between the United States and Spanish territory in the American west. In return, the U.S. took Spanish territory in what is now Florida and lower parts of a few other states. This allowed the U.S. to expand slavery and cotton production down.

The Presidential election of 1824…
a. Gave the Democrat-Republicans their last presidential candidate the oval office thanks to the “corrupt bargain” between Henry Clay and John Quincy Adams. This was necessary since no one in the election gained a plurality of electoral college votes during the election.
b. Gave the “People’s President” (Jackson) the oval office after four long years of bitter campaigning that fractured the Democrat-Republican party. Indeed, John Quincy Adams had to form a new party, the New Republican Party, since most of his support eroded after making the “corrupt bargain” with Henry Clay.
c. Saw Henry Clay installed as the Secretary of State thanks to the “corrupt bargain” made with John Quincy Adams and the House of Representatives, which had to give their votes to Adams since no one gained a majority of the electoral college votes in the actual election.
d. Gave the Democrat-Republicans their last presidential candidate the oval office thanks to the “corrupt bargain” between Henry Clay and John Quincy Adams. This was necessary since no one in the election gained a majority of electoral college votes during the election.

The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions…
a. …written by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, respectively, as a form of protest against the Alien and Sedition Acts. While the Kentucky Resolution eventually argued that the Acts weren’t enforceable within the state, the Virginia Resolution argued that a state could nullify an unconstitutional federal law within its boundaries.
b. …written by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, respectively, as a form of protest against the Alien and Sedition Acts. While the Virginia Resolution eventually argued that the Acts weren’t enforceable within the state, the Kentucky Resolution argued that a state could nullify an unconstitutional federal law within its boundaries.
c. …written by James Madison and Thomas Jefferson, respectively, as a form of protest against the Alien and Sedition Acts. While the Virginia Resolution eventually argued that the Acts weren’t enforceable within the state, the Kentucky Resolution argued that a state could nullify an unconstitutional federal law within its boundaries.
d. …written by James Madison and Thomas Jefferson, respectively, as a form of protest against the Alien and Sedition Acts. While the Kentucky Resolution eventually argued that the Acts weren’t enforceable within the state, the Virginia Resolution argued that a state could nullify an unconstitutional federal law within its boundaries.

The Whiskey Rebellion…
a. …was problematic for the United States since the Articles of Confederation didn’t really provide for a national military. It took a long time to convince local militias to figure against their own countrymen—so long that the national government had to use mercenaries.
b. …was scary to whites because many of the rural and yeoman farmers armed their indentured servants, including blacks. It’s one thing to have white killing whites, but blacks killing whites is a different matter. After its suppression, it led to strict laws outlawing the arming of blacks.
c. …was the first real time that a sitting U.S. President has exercised his powers and Commander-in-Chief at the military to put down an internal rebellion. Washington took direct command of the military forces and put down a large gathering in Pennsylvania relatively peaceably. 
d. …demonstrated that the Articles of Confederation were inherently flawed because they allowed a type of taxation without representation at the federal level of government. As such, the federal government could become tyrannical if it wasn’t properly checked—they finally fixed this issue in the Constitution.

The Indian Removal Act…
a. …authorized the federal government to swap or purchase land from the Five Civilized Tribes. Although the Act didn’t provide for the use of force, Jackson, himself, ordered the army to remove them, even in the face of a Supreme Court ruling that rendered the Act unconstitutional. 
b. …authorized Andrew Jackson to remove the Five Civilized Tribes and take them to the Arkansas Territory. Instead of purchasing or swapping the land as Jackson was authorized to do, he forcibly removed all tribes using the army and send them on the Trail of Tears on which several thousand died.
c. …authorized Andrew Jackson to pursue the Seminole Indians into Florida in order to “terminate the conflict” between them and American farmers living close to Spanish Florida. Jackson defeated both the Seminoles and the small Spanish force in Florida, leading to the Adams-Onis Treaty.
d. …authorized the state governments to swap or purchase lands from the Five Civilized Tribes. However, Jackson was determined to move them even if some states, like Georgia, were unwilling to actually use the Act for its intended purpose, which was the definitive removal of the tribes from the South.

True / False

T  or  F The Constitution of the United States set many policies, procedures, and actions for the national government that it never had before, including the ability to tax, raise a national military, regulate interstate trade, and establish and maintain a national post office.

T  or  F Jamestown, the first attempt by the English to set up a colony in what would eventually become one of the original thirteen colonies wasn’t particularly successful even after twenty years. By the 1620s, perhaps only about ten percent of the total numbers of people transported to the colony had stayed.

T  or  F Common Sense, written my Thomas Paine, was a pamphlet that helped explain in common language why the Constitution was both necessary and Republican and why it should replace the Articles of Confederation as the nation’s primary governing document.

T  or  F Common Sense, written my Thomas Paine, was a pamphlet that helped explain in common language why the Constitution was both necessary and Republican and why it should replace the Articles of Confederation as the nation’s primary governing document.

T  or  F The Columbian exchange describes the trading pattern wherein slaves would be purchased in Africa, brought to the New World and traded for raw materials, which would then be transported to the metropole to be turned into finished goods. This is how English Atlantic mercantilistic trade generally operated during the North American colonial period.

T  or  F Democrat-Republicans were more apt to believe in smaller government, promote agrarian interests, favor the French, and support isolationism. Also, they often believed that landholders were the ideal men to lead the country.

T  or  F The Beringia Migration Theory firmly proves that Native Americans were Asians who came across the Bering Strait Ice Bridge during an ice age to finally settle in North America.

T  or  F Generally, the most American-like colonial area was New England since it set the United States up for religious tolerance, its agrarian heritage, and its love for protest and revolution.

T  or  F Unlike the Jamestown colonists, the Puritans never really looked to return to England. As such, they usually came over in family groups and set up more stable townships based on small farming and light industry.

T  or  F The Connecticut Compromise altered the Virginia Plan for the Constitution of the United States by creating a lower house that was proportional in representation and an upper house that was fixed. This helped ease the concerns of smaller states who feared that they would be left out if both houses featured proportional representation.

T  or  F Andrew Jackson wanted to be the “people’s President.” He even invited common people to dine in the White House during his inauguration celebration. Unfortunately, many of his policies didn’t reflect that he intended to uphold this ideal.

T  or  F Vice President John C. Calhoun presided over South Carolina’s first nullification convention after a federal tariff was passed in 1832. Andrew Jackson was so angered by this that he removed Calhoun as Vice President and wanted him tried as a traitor.

T  or  F Andrew Jackson wanted to be the “people’s President.” He even invited common people to dine in the White House during his inauguration celebration. Unfortunately, many of his policies didn’t reflect that he intended to uphold this ideal.

T  or  F Vice President John C. Calhoun presided over South Carolina’s first nullification convention after a federal tariff was passed in 1832. Andrew Jackson was so angered by this that he removed Calhoun as Vice President and wanted him tried as a traitor.

T  or  F Generally, England and France considered giving the South its support primarily so that they could help break up the United States, which would weaken the U.S.’s ability to enforce the Monroe Doctrine.

T  or  F After the beginning of the Civil War, most of the Southern militia went off to fight leaving slaves relatively unguarded. For this reason, most slaves tried to escape when they saw an opportunity.

T  or  F Charles Sumner severely beat Preston Brooks on the floor of the senate for Brooks’ speech, “The Crime Against Kansas,” in which Southern slaveholders were compared to “knights” who “embraced prostitutes” (slavery).

T  or  F In the Adams-Onis Treaty, signed after the end of the Seminole Wars, Spain ceded Florida to the U.S. in exchange for tracts of land in the modern western U.S., which created s “step boundary” between the two nation’s territories.

T  or  F The Jay Treaty between Britain and the United States finally resolved many of the boundary disputes between the two countries over the land acquired by the U.S. from the Louisiana Purchase.

T  or  F Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton didn’t like the Federalists’ plans to have the government purchase war debt from scrip holders (scrip=IOU from the government) since it would, in effect, reward the wealthy who could afford to speculate and not do any real work.

T  or  F Charles Sumner severely beat Preston Brooks on the floor of the senate for Brooks’ speech, “The Crime Against Kansas,” in which Southern slaveholders were compared to “knights” who “embraced prostitutes” (slavery).

T  or  F The Treaties of Velasco left a boundary dispute between Texas (and, by extension, the U.S.) that eventually led to the Mexican-American War.

T  or  F Even though the fourteenth amendment normally guaranteed African Americans the right to vote, they could be kept from the polls legally thanks to things like literacy tests and poll taxes.

T  or  F After the beginning of the Civil War, most of the Southern militia went off to fight leaving slaves relatively unguarded. For this reason, most slaves tried to escape when they saw an opportunity.

T  or  F Generally, England and France considered giving the South its support primarily so that they could break up the United States, which would weaken its ability to enforce the Monroe Doctrine.

T  or  F Slavery, has been a part of the American colonies from the English’s very first attempt to colonize North America. Indeed, it can be argued that indentured servants (a type of slave) were part of the laboring class from the start while assayers, gemologists, etc., were there only to do specialized work.

T  or  F The Townshend Acts were important because the Congress that was formed in response to them addressed King George III directly, and not Parliament as had been done previously.

T  or  F As a whole, the North American colonists’ relationships with the Native Americans has been fairly sour since nearly all colonists wanted to somehow “civilize” them.

T  or  F Andrew Jackson wanted to be the “people’s President.” He even invited common people to dine in the White House during his inauguration celebration. Unfortunately, many of his policies didn’t reflect that he intended to uphold this ideal.

T  or  F The Constitution of the United States set many policies, procedures, and actions for the national government that it never had before, including the ability to tax, raise a national military, regulate interstate trade, and establish and maintain a national post office.

T  or  F In the Adams-Onis Treaty, signed after the end of the Seminole Wars, Spain ceded Florida to the U.S. in exchange for tracts of land in the modern western U.S., which created s “step boundary” between Britain and the United States.

T  or  F The War of 1812 was a quirky war (that was never actually declared) in which both sides claimed victory, but actually ended in a general stalemate. Also, this war strangely helped bring Britain and the U.S. closer together.

T  or  F Alexander Hamilton was ok with the federalists’ plans to have the government purchase war debt from scrip holders (scrip=IOU from the government) since it would, in effect, resolve many of the debt disputes that arose thanks to the Revolutionary War.

T or F First Bull Run was a general failure for the North because, although they had roughly twice the number of available troops for the battle, they were attacking an anchored force, which requires at least three times as many.

T or F The Dred Scott Case/Decision ensured that slavery was legal anywhere in the United States thanks to the Supreme Court’s ruling that the federal government couldn’t determine whether a slave was free or not free, even if transported across state boundaries.

T or F The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the Texan Revolution. Unfortunately it didn’t make clear the boundaries between Mexico and the United States.

T or F The election of 1840 brought the issue of manhood to the forefront of American elections and, in doing so, made the elections about the swing/middle voter moreso than voters at either end of the political spectrum.

T or F Even though the fourteenth amendment normally guaranteed African American males the right to vote, they could be kept from the polls legally thanks to things like literacy tests and poll taxes T  or  F The Stamp Act was generally misnamed since stamps had very little to do with the taxes imposed by it.

T  or  F Jamestown, the first attempt by the English to set up a colony in what would eventually become one of the original thirteen colonies wasn’t particularly successful even after twenty years. By the 1620s, perhaps only about ten percent of the total numbers of people transported to the colony had stayed.

T  or  F Slavery, has been a part of the American colonies from the English’s very first attempt to colonize North America. Indeed, it can be argued that indentured servants (a type of slave) were part of the laboring class from the start while assayers, gemologists, etc., were there only to do specialized work.

T  or  F The Second Continental Congress was important because it was the Congress that was formed in response to them addressed King George III directly, and not Parliament as had been done previously.

T  or  F As a whole, Puritans’ relationships with the Native Americans were fairly good since they generally ignored them.

T  or  F The Sugar Act was generally misnamed since sugar had very little to do with the taxes imposed by it. It was only one of many commodities taxed. It would probably have been better known as the “Stamp Act” since tax-affirming stamps had to be affixed to everything to many finished good (including containers of sugar).

T  or  F Jamestown, the first attempt by the English to set up a colony in what would eventually become one of the original thirteen colonies wasn’t particularly successful even after twenty years. By the 1620s, perhaps only about ten percent of the total numbers of people transported to the colony had stayed.

T  or  F Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton didn’t like the federalists’ plans to have the government purchase war debt from scrip holders (scrip=IOU) from the government) since it would, in effect, reward the wealthy who could afford to speculate.

T  or  F The Treaty of 1818 provided that both the United States and Britain would peacefully occupy and travel throughout the Oregon Territory to the north of the 36”-30’ parallel. Eventually the Oregon Territory became part of the United States.

T  or  F The War of 1812 was a quirky (and actually declared) war in which both sides claimed victory, but actually ended in a general stalemate. Also, this war strangely helped bring Britain and the U.S. closer together.

T  or  F The post-Constitutional Federalist party believed that the United States Constitution could be open to interpretation, thus making it a “living” document that could adjust to current needs. Also, the Federalist party generally wanted to isolate the U.S. from European affairs, but if push came to shove, they generally sided with France.

T  or  F The Rush-Bagot treaty was designed to prevent a naval arms race between Britain. Both sides agreed to have ships of “like number and burden/tonnage” in areas such as some of the Great Lakes and on the Atlantic seaboard. This treaty is still in place to this day.